Is reality becoming more real? The rise and rise of UGC
Sara Mills explores the rise of the citizen journalist and considers the impact of user-generated
content on news stories, the news agenda, and the role of the professionals.
Once, it was all quite simple…the big institutions created the news and broadcast it to a variously passive
and receptive audience. Now new technologies mean that the audience are no longer passive receivers of
news. The audience have become ‘users’ and the users have become publishers. Audiences now create
their own content. We are in the era of user generated content (UGC) where the old divide between
institution and audience is being eroded.
Key to this change has been the development of new technologies such as video phones and the growth of
the internet and user-dominated sites. Both who makes the news and what makes the news have been
radically altered by this growth of media technologies and the rise of the ‘citizen journalist’. -This is when the audiences take an active role in shaping and creating news .
We first felt the effects of the new technologies way back in 1991. - This is when the first creation of news started with the rise of new technology . Video cameras had become more
common and more people could afford them…unfortunately for four Los Angeles police officers! Having
caught Rodney King, an African-American, after a high speed chase, the officers surrounded him, tasered
him and beat him with clubs. The event was filmed by an onlooker from his apartment window. The
home-video footage made prime-time news and became an international media sensation, and a focus for
complaints about police racism towards African-Americans. Four officers were charged with assault and use
of excessive force, but in 1992 they were acquitted of the charges. This acquittal, in the face of the video
footage which clearly showed the beatings, sparked huge civil unrest. There were six days of riots, 53
people died, and around 4000 people were injured. The costs of the damage, looting and clear-up came in at
up to a billion dollars. If George Holliday hadn’t been looking out of his apartment window and made a grab
for his video camera at the time Rodney King was apprehended, none of this would have happened. King’s
beating would be just another hidden incident with no consequences. The film footage can be still be viewed.
Try looking on YouTube under ‘What started the LA riots.’ But be warned – it makes for very uncomfortable
viewing, and even today, it is easy to see why this minute and half of blurry, poor-quality film had such a
huge impact.
This was one of the first examples of the news being generated by ‘ordinary people,’ now commonly known
as ‘citizen journalists’, ‘grassroots journalists’, or even ‘accidental journalists’. As technology improved over
the years, incidents of this kind have become more and more common. Millions of people have constant
access to filming capability through their mobiles, and footage can be uploaded and rapidly distributed on
the internet. The power to make and break news has moved beyond the traditional news institutions.
It is not only in providing footage for the news that citizen journalists have come to the forefront. UGC now
plays a huge role in many aspects of the media. Most news organisations include formats for participation:
message boards, chat rooms, Q&A, polls, have your says, and blogs with comments enabled.These are some of teh examples that news has offered to its audiences in participation . Social media
sites are also built around UGC as seen in the four biggest social networking sites: Bebo, MySpace,
YouTube and Facebook. People also turn to UGC sites to access news: Wikipedia news, Google news and
YouTube score highly in terms of where people go to get their news.
The natural disaster of the Asian Tsunami on December 26th 2004 was another turning point for UGC. Much
of the early footage of events was provided from citizen journalists, or ‘accidental journalists,’ providing
on-the-spot witness accounts of events as they unfolded. The main difference between professionally shot footage is that its edited out by its intitutions editors , whereas normal shot footage is on continous shot of an even that has happened , its not edited by the person who shot that particular event . Tourists who would otherwise have been happily
filming holiday moments were suddenly recording one of the worst natural disasters in recent times. In
addition, in the days after the disaster, social networking sites provided witness accounts for a world-wide
audience, helped survivors and family members get in touch and acted as a forum all those involved to share
their experiences.
A second terrible event, the London bombings on July 5th 2005, provided another opportunity for citizen
journalists to influence the mainstream news agenda. No one was closer to events than those caught up in
the bombings, and the footage they provided from their mobile phones was raw and uncompromising. This
first-hand view, rather than professionally shot footage from behind police lines, is often more hard-hitting
and emotive. An audience used to relatively unmediated reality through the prevalence of reality TV can now
see similarly unmediated footage on the news.
The desire for everyone to tell their own story and have their own moment of fame may explain the huge
popularity of Facebook, MySpace and other such sites. It also had a more negative outcome in the package
of writings, photos and video footage that 23-year-old Seung-Hui Cho, an undergraduate at Virginia Tech,
mailed into NBC News. Between his first attack, when he shot two people, he sent the package from a local
post office, before going on to kill a further 30 people. In his so-called ‘manifesto’ Cho showed his paranoia
and obsession, likening himself to Jesus Christ. The reporting of the terrible events at Virginia Tech that day
was also affected by citizen journalism, and the footage that student Jamal Albarghouti shot on his mobile
phone video camera. Rather than concentrate on saving his own life, he recorded events from his position
lying on the ground near the firing. The footage, available on YouTube and CNN brought events home to a
worldwide audience. We now expect passers by, witnesses, or even victims, to whip out their camera
phones and record events, an instinct almost as powerful as that to save their own or others’ lives. Perhaps
the news now seems old-fashioned and somehow staged if it lacks the raw, grainy low-quality footage
provided by citizen journalists.
Twitter and flickr came to the forefront during the Mumbai bombings in India in late November 2008. As
bombs exploded across the city, the world’s media got up-to date with events through reports on Twitter and
Flickr. There were questions raised, however, that by broadcasting their tweets, people may have been
putting their own and others’ lives at risk.
It was on Twitter again that the story of the Hudson River plane crash on January 15th 2009 was broken to
the world. With a dramatic picture of a plane half sinking in the river, and passengers crowded on the wing
awaiting rescue Janis Krun tweeted:
There’s a plane in the Hudson. I’m on the ferry going to pick up the people. Crazy.
The picture is still available on Twitpic, under ‘Janis Krun’s tweet.’ While national news organisations quickly
swung into action, it was the citizen journalist, empowered by social networking sites, that first broke the
story.
So who’s keeping the gate?
Are the gatekeepers still fulfilling their old function of deciding what is and isn’t news, and what will and
won’t be broadcast?- a gatekeeper is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, be it publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other type of communication. In some ways, yes. You can send in as much UGC to the major news organisations as
you want, with no guarantee that any of it will ever be aired. In fact, last year a BBC spokesperson reported
that a large proportion of photos sent in to the news unit were of kittens. While this may represent the
interest of the audience, or users, it still doesn’t turn the fact that your kitten is really cute into ‘news.’
The way around the gatekeepers is with the independent media on the web. The blogosphere, for example,
provides an opportunity for independent, often minority and niche views and news to reach a wide audience.
In fact uniting disparate people in ‘micro-communities’ is one of the web’s greatest abilities. How else would
all those ice fans communicate without the ‘Ice Chewers Bulletin Board?’ And the only place for those who
like to see pictures of dogs in bee costumes is, of course, ‘Beedogs.com: the premier online repository for
pictures of dogs in bee costumes.’
On a more serious note, the change in the landscape of the news means that groups who had little access
to self-representation before, such as youth groups, low income groups, and various minority groups may,
through citizen journalism, begin to find that they too have a voice. - This is the main worry as people are bacoming more actively involved where do the professional come into play ? .The mass audience are no longer passively watching news but alos contributing to what is being published and stated on common news bulletins such as the london riots whereby BBC news , allowed users to post their views about it and this got mentioned on news bulletins By Sian Williams .
What about the professionals?
Do journalists fear for their jobs now everyone is producing content? It is likely that in future there will be
fewer and fewer permanent trained staff at news organisations, leaving a smaller core staff who will manage
and process UGC from citizen journalists, sometimes known as ‘crowd sourcing.’ Some believe that the
mediators and moderators might eventually disappear too, leaving a world where the media is, finally,
unmediated. This does raise concerns however. Without moderation sites could be overrun by bigots or
fools, by those who shout loudest, and those who have little else to do but make posts The risk of being
dominated by defamatory or racist or other hate-fuelled content raises questions about unmoderated
content: ‘free speech’ is great as long as you agree with what everybody is saying!
If there will be fewer jobs for trained journalists, will there also be less profit for the big institutions? This
seems unlikely. Although how to ‘monetarise’ UGC – how to make money for both the generator and the
host of the content – is still being debated, bigger institutions have been buying up social networking sites
for the last few years. Rather than launch their own challenge, they simply buy the site. Flickr is now owned by Yahoo!, YouTube was bought by Google, Microsoft invested in Facebook, and News Corp., owned by
Murdoch, bought MySpace.- This is why the journalists are becoming increasingly worried about their jobs for the future , however the primary concern is that audiences will out compete each other to see who says the best crazy comment which will be noticed by any other consumer .
There is a whole new world out there. With it comes new responsibility. There is enormous potential to
expand our view of the world and our understanding of what is happening. Our collective knowledge, and
wisdom, should grow. On the other hand, in twenty years time, the news could be overrun by pictures of
people’s kittens and a few bigots shouting across message boards at each other.
Sara Mills teaches Media Studies at Helston Community College, Cornwall, and is an AQA examiner.
This article first appeared in MediaMagazine 30, December 2009.
No comments:
Post a Comment